"Unlike a lot of technology out there that only does so-called horizontal parallax, which means that you only see 3-D when you move your head left and right, we actually are talking about a technology that gives 3-D for full parallax," said David Fattal, who led a team at Hewlett-Packard (IW 500/7) Laboratories in Palo Alto, California.
How it Works
Diffractive optics meet a challenge posed by the human anatomy, according to the study, published on Wednesday by the journal Nature.
Humans view the world stereoscopically, meaning that our two eyes see two slightly different images because they are separated by about two and a half inches.
2-D screening provides only a single flat image, which means the two eyes both see the same picture on the screen.
3-D imaging, therefore, has to present a slightly different image to each eye.
Glasses-based systems work by having two lenses that each polarize the light in different directions, or by having cheap-and-cheerful -- and headache-inducing -- lenses of red and green. In the first case, the display has two simultaneous images, each with different polarization; in the second, the two images have red and green outlines.
Current glasses-free systems, including some mobiles, use thin lenses called lenticules or parallax barriers that send an image towards each eye.
But the 3-D effect is limited and can only be perceived if the viewer is positioned in a narrow zone so that the correct eye gets the correct image.
The best option would be Princess Leia-style holography. But right now, this cannot be used for images displayed at a normal video rate, as the demands in pixel density are just too great.
The new "autostereoscopic multiview display" uses a backlight whose surface has been etched with tiny refractors.
Each of these microscopic deflectors send individual points of light in specific directions. These individual pixels, put together, comprise the different images sent to each eyeball.
The demonstration models can send light in 14 distinct viewing directions, providing the 3-D effect in an angle of 90 degrees at a distance of up to 3.25 feet. Tests have been carried out with images or footage, at 30 frames per second, of flowers, a turtle or a corporate logo.
The scientists said the design can be ramped up to produce up to 64 directions, further widening the viewing zone.
Using glass of high refractive index, the field of view could be "close to 180 degrees," they add.
"This current prototype is completely transparent and we think that even using a modulating device to achieve video rates, we can still retain most of the transparency," said Fattal.
In commentary also carried by Nature, University of Cambridge computer specialist Neil Dodgson said major challenges lay ahead before the exploit would be commercially viable.
The new illumination system has much smaller pixels than mobile devices today, so more work has to be done to ensure that picture quality -- which depends on pixel density -- is not lost.
Another hurdle is to have the device manufactured "reliably, robustly and in quantity," which may take years, said Dodgson, who also pointed to the expense of providing content filmed in 3-D in order to provide the multiple images.
"The more nebulous question... (is) whether humans want or need 3-D displays," he noted. "Time will tell."
Copyright Agence France-Presse, 2013
